The information in this document was originally researched and written by the University Archives staff in 2004 to bring together all available sources in the Archives that shed light on the question frequently received by the Archives: “What was the relationship between the student group appearing in early twentieth-century Illios under the name of ‘Ku Klux Klan’ and the national Second Ku Klux Klan?” Twenty years later, the University Archives staff has reviewed this information and made modifications to the document. We welcome the opportunity to discover any additional documentary evidence that sheds light on this difficult question and ask that anyone with further information please share it with us.

The origin of a University of Illinois organization known as the Ku Klux Klan is shrouded in mystery. It is not even clear when the group was formed. Various sources list 1906, 1908, and 1909 as the organization’s year of foundation.[1] During this period, the novels of Thomas Dixon– The Leopard’s Spots (1902), The Clansman (1905), and The Traitor (1907)–had brought the Reconstruction-era Ku Klux Klan back into public consciousness. The novels reflected Dixon’s view that racial equality would result in the destruction of civilized society. It is possible that Dixon’s novels may have inspired the University of Illinois group’s name. Circumstantial evidence (as noted below) suggests members of the organization may have been sympathetic with the sentiments of the national Ku Klux Klan (KKK). However, absent any direct evidence, one cannot say authoritatively one way or another whether the campus group was connected with the national KKK.
The first apparent Ku Klux Klan references in the University of Illinois yearbook occurred in The Illio 1909, with “Ku Klux” being listed as student activity/organization for several senior (class of 1908) students; the 1909 yearbook, however, did not include a group photo page or a statement of its purpose.[2] From early on, a defining characteristic of the group seemed to have been a penchant for extreme secrecy. Indeed, the “Roasts” section of The Illio 1910 even contained a satire mocking the “Flu Flux” and its ultra–secretiveness:

“We must not omit mention of Flu Flux, which meets at midnight when the moon is in the fourth quarter, in the northeast corner of the cellar of the far cow barn on the south campus. No one may penetrate their awful secrecy without horrible punishment, the least penalty for intrusion into their mystic circle being instantaneous death. No initiate may profane with his presence their profound deliberations. They serve at their meetings, which are devoted to obstruse investigations into why the Boneyard is only six inches deep, and kindred questions, pop-corn and sterilized milk.”[3]

The Illio 1916 contained the names and a group photo of Ku Klux Klan members along with their fraternity affiliations and the organization is identified as an interfraternity honor society. On January 27, 1915, the Council of Administration approved a petition (submitted by Harold Pogue) to “perfect” the organization of the group. According to the minutes of the Council, membership in the group was limited to “one junior representative from each of the national fraternities at the University of Illinois.”[4] The campus Klan was listed in subsequent yearbooks until 1925, by which point its name had been changed to Tu–Mas. The Illio 1918, for the first time, specifically identified the Ku Klux Klan as a junior interfraternity society.[5] For some reason, the organization briefly changed its name to Klu Klux Klan in 1919–1920. Timothy Messer-Kruse points out that a University of Wisconsin group of comparable name also added an extra “l” to the first word the very same year.[6] This may not have been just a coincidence since the Wisconsin organization had been set up by University of Illinois Ku Klux members J. A. Ingwersen, G. B. Bilderback, C. E. Lovejoy, Robert Lorenz, and Robert Tutwiler in May 1919.[7]

From 1917 onward, the Daily Illini regularly reported on the activities of the campus group. The group largely behaved like a traditional fraternity, holding regular dances, selling Homecoming badges, etc.[8] Before the onset of Prohibition, the campus Klan apparently was notorious for its devotion to alcohol. Writing in the Daily Illini in June 1919, the “Campus Scout” poked fun at the group:

“Ku Klux Klan, secret beer drinking society, gave its annual hop Friday at the Delta Tau domicile. The Delta Tau house was selected for the affair because of its appropriate atmosphere, necessary for the proper accomplishment of the chief oath of the society, liquor lapping.”[9]

With the coming of Prohibition in 1920, the “Campus Scout” predicted as a result “the disbanding of Ku Klux, Delta Tau Delta, Kappa Sigma, etc.”[10]
The campus group apparently did at times emulate some aspects of the Ku Klux Klan as envisioned by Thomas Dixon and D. W. Griffith. (Premiering early in 1915, Griffith’s film “Birth of a Nation” portrayed members of the Ku Klux Klan as heroic defenders of a white South under siege by evil Northern carpetbaggers.) The humor section of The Illio 1918, for example, contained a rather obscurely worded statement possibly implying that University Klan members wore sheets as a uniform:

“Be sure that your bedding is clean when you move into your room. That’s your only chance to enjoy such modern conveniences as integral sheets. The style now is to use them for table-cloths and since Pan–Hellenic let down the bars there is a demand for several additional Ku–Klux uniforms”.[11]

In October 1920, Ku Klux members were observed wearing black hoods and robes to a dance held at the Kappa Sigma fraternity house. Early in 1921, the Urbana Daily Courier employed word imagery directly associating the campus Klan with the romanticized KKK depictions of Dixon and Griffith:

“Members of the Ku Klux Klan will emerge from the shadows,” the Courier wrote, “clatter down the road on horse back, each with a captive ‘damsel’ in his arms, in order that they may all dance at the Sigma Nu chapter house, 303 East John street, Saturday evening.”[12]

Meanwhile, the avowedly racist national Second Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1915. By the early 1920s, the group’s membership grew rapidly in the North as well as the South. The national Ku Klux Klan began to organize in the Champaign County area as early as October 1921.[13] In August 1922, the national Klan held its first conclave in Champaign County– supposedly “the largest conclave in the history of Champaign county” up to that point.[14] “Urbana gazed with awe Saturday evening while an automobile procession of the Ku Klux Klan moved northward thru the city,” the Urbana Daily Courier reported. “They seemed to come from every place and the crowd is said to have numbered 4,500.”[15] By late 1922, the activities of the national Klan captured headlines throughout the country. The organization’s methods came under greater scrutiny especially after the December 1922 murders of two African-Americans by Klansmen in Mer Rouge, Louisiana.[16]

The University of Illinois Ku Klux Klan became embroiled in controversy at this same time. According to the Daily Illini, “on the evening of a recent Ku Klux Klan . . . dance, the hooded and gowned members of the organization overstepped the bounds of propriety at a number of organized houses.” The student newspaper elaborated on the incident, reporting that the campus Ku Klux Klan members had “disguised themselves in the red-crossed robes and hoods and loudly proclaimed their presence.” Maintaining that the incident was prompted by “simple idiocy,” the Daily Illini editorialist called on the university group to change its name in order to distinguish it from the national Ku Klux Klan:

“The campus group is in no way connected with the older group that is now spreading so rapidly throughout the country; its aims and its ideals are of a different nature, its personnel different; the campus Ku Klux Klan is purely a social organization.”

The Daily Illini deemed it “unfortunate that the juniors should have the same name as the band of 100 percent Americans who have aroused such a storm of protest from coast to coast.” [17]

The writing was on the wall for the campus Ku Klux Klan. On January 9, 1923–one day before the Daily Illini editorial was published–the Committee on Student Organizations and Activities recommended that the Klan not be allowed to hold any more dances until it was “properly organized.” The following day, the Council of Administration, accepted the committee’s advice and barred the group from giving any further dances until it was formed in the “usual way.”[18]

In March 1923, representatives of all the university Ku Klux Klan chapters–supposedly five in number–met in Chicago and provisionally agreed to change the organization’s name. On April 11, 1923, the University of Illinois chapter of the Ku Klux Klan officially changed its name to Tu–Mas–reportedly a Native American term. H. C. Woodward, president of the group, reported that this decision had been made because of “confusion arising from confounding the college organization with the recently–revived Invisible empire (2nd Ku Klux Klan).”[19] According to Messer–Kruse, the University of Wisconsin’s Ku Klux Klan followed suit, also altering its name to Tu–Mas.[20] Illinois’s Tu–Mas became inactive in the 1930s.[21]

Report Addendum, October 20, 2004

In September 2004, a postcard was offered on eBay depicting a group of men dressed in the garb of the Ku Klux Klan. The men apparently were University of Illinois students taking part in the 1916 Interscholastic Circus. Only a few of the men’s faces are actually visible. Two of the depicted students may be members of the campus Ku Klux Klan: H. J. Armstrong, of Chi Phi, and E. McEvers, of Phi Sigma Kappa.[22] However, according to the Daily Illini, two fraternities–Phi Kappa and Alpha Rho Chi–performed Circus “stunts” in 1916 that apparently related to the D.W. Griffith film “Birth of a Nation”–a box–office sensation of 1915. Phi Kappa’s act was named “The Breath of a Nation” while Alpha Rho Chi (the professional architectural fraternity) titled its stunt “The Birth of a Circus.” Given the centrality of the Ku Klux Klan in the Griffith film, it is reasonable to assume that these stunts involved the wearing of KKK garb and thus may be the group in the Circus photograph.[23]